Acts and the Early Church

Peter and the Church

The Word Spreads

Paul

Persecution and Rulers

Paul's Letters

Other Letters

I. Witnesses in Jerusalem

II. Judea and Samaria

III. To the Gentiles

IV. First Journey and Council

V. Second Journey

VI. Third Journey

VII. Arrest and Rome

VIII. After Acts

The Ascension (Acts 1:1-14)

For forty days the risen Jesus shows himself to the apostles. He tells them to wait in Jerusalem for the Holy Spirit, gives them their commission, and is taken up.

The account - Luke opens by recalling his “former treatise” to Theophilus (1:1). - Jesus presents himself alive “by many proofs, appearing unto them by the space of forty days” (1:3). - He charges them not to depart from Jerusalem but to wait for the promise of the Father (1:4-5). - He is taken up from the mount called Olivet, and two men in white apparel speak to the apostles (1:9-12). - The eleven return and continue in prayer with the women, Mary the mother of Jesus, and his brethren (1:13-14).

Scripture > “But ye shall receive power, when the Holy Spirit is come upon you: and ye shall be my witnesses both in Jerusalem, and in all Judæa and Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth.” > — Acts 1:8

“who also said, Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye looking into heaven? this Jesus, who was received up from you into heaven shall so come in like manner as ye beheld him going into heaven.” — Acts 1:11

The shape of the book Acts 1:8 is the outline the rest of the book follows: Jerusalem (chapters 1–7), Judea and Samaria (8–9), and onward to the Gentiles and Rome (10–28). The bands on this timeline follow the same order.

Matthias chosen · Acts 1:15-26

The Day of Pentecost (Acts 2)

The Holy Spirit comes on the apostles and they speak in other tongues. Peter preaches the crucified and risen Christ, and about three thousand are baptized that day.

The account - The apostles are all together in one place when a sound as of a rushing mighty wind fills the house, and tongues like fire sit on each of them (2:1-4). - Jews from every nation hear them speaking in their own language (2:5-11). - Peter explains it from Joel 2, preaches Jesus crucified and raised, and quotes David in Psalm 16 and Psalm 110 (2:14-36).

Scripture > “Let all the house of Israel therefore know assuredly, that God hath made him both Lord and Christ, this Jesus whom ye crucified.” > — Acts 2:36

“Now when they heard this, they were pricked in their heart, and said unto Peter and the rest of the apostles, Brethren, what shall we do? And Peter said unto them, Repent ye, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ unto the remission of your sins; and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.” — Acts 2:37-38

“They then that received his word were baptized: and there were added unto them in that day about three thousand souls. And they continued stedfastly in the apostles’ teaching and fellowship, in the breaking of bread and the prayers.” — Acts 2:41-42

What the text records The hearers were “pricked in their heart” and asked what to do (2:37). Peter told them to repent and be baptized “unto the remission of your sins” (2:38). “They then that received his word were baptized” (2:41), and they continued in the apostles' teaching, fellowship, the breaking of bread and the prayers (2:42).

Lame man healed at the temple · Acts 3

Peter and John Before the Council (Acts 3–4)

After a man lame from birth is healed at the temple gate, Peter preaches in Solomon's porch. The priests and Sadducees arrest them, but the apostles will not stop speaking in Jesus' name.

The account - At the gate called Beautiful, Peter tells the lame man to walk “In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth” (3:1-10). - Peter calls the people to “Repent ye therefore, and turn again, that your sins may be blotted out” (3:19). - The number of the men comes to about five thousand (4:4). - The rulers charge them not to speak at all in the name of Jesus (4:18). - The believers share their possessions; Barnabas of Cyprus sells a field and lays the money at the apostles' feet (4:32-37).

Scripture > “And in none other is there salvation: for neither is there any other name under heaven, that is given among men, wherein we must be saved.” > — Acts 4:12

“But Peter and John answered and said unto them, Whether it is right in the sight of God to hearken unto you rather than unto God, judge ye: for we cannot but speak the things which we saw and heard.” — Acts 4:19-20

Ananias and Sapphira (Acts 5:1-11)

A husband and wife sell a possession, keep back part of the price, and present the rest as the whole. Each falls down dead at Peter's word, and great fear comes on the church.

The account - Ananias keeps back part of the price, his wife being privy to it, and lays the rest at the apostles' feet (5:1-2). - Peter says the land and the money were his own to keep; the sin was the lie (5:4). - About three hours later Sapphira tells the same lie and dies the same way (5:7-10).

Scripture > “But Peter said, Ananias, why hath Satan filled thy heart to lie to the Holy Spirit, and to keep back part of the price of the land? While it remained, did it not remain thine own? and after it was sold, was it not in thy power? How is it that thou hast conceived this thing in thy heart? thou hast not lied unto men, but unto God.” > — Acts 5:3-4

“And great fear came upon the whole church, and upon all that heard these things.” — Acts 5:11

Afterward The apostles are put in prison, freed by an angel, and found teaching in the temple again (5:17-25). Before the council they answer, “We must obey God rather than men” (5:29). Gamaliel counsels the council to let them alone, and they are beaten and released, “rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer dishonor for the Name” (5:34-41).

Apostles beaten; Gamaliel's counsel · Acts 5:17-42

The Seven Chosen (Acts 6:1-7)

When the Grecian Jews' widows are neglected in the daily ministration, the apostles have the disciples choose seven men to oversee the business, so they can give themselves to prayer and the word.

The account - The murmuring is of the Grecian Jews against the Hebrews (6:1). - The seven are Stephen, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas and Nicolaus a proselyte of Antioch (6:5). - The apostles pray and lay their hands on them (6:6).

Scripture > “Look ye out therefore, brethren, from among you seven men of good report, full of the Spirit and of wisdom, whom we may appoint over this business. But we will continue stedfastly in prayer, and in the ministry of the word.” > — Acts 6:3-4

“And the word of God increased; and the number of the disciples multiplied in Jerusalem exceedingly; and a great company of the priests were obedient to the faith.” — Acts 6:7

The Stoning of Stephen (Acts 6:8–8:1)

Stephen, one of the seven, is brought before the council on false witness. He answers from Israel's history, sees the Son of man standing at the right hand of God, and is stoned while a young man named Saul looks on.

The account - Men of the synagogue of the Libertines and others cannot withstand the wisdom and the Spirit by which he speaks, and they suborn false witnesses (6:9-13). - His defense runs from Abraham through Joseph, Moses and the tabernacle to Solomon's house (7:2-50). - He charges them with resisting the Holy Spirit as their fathers did (7:51-53). - The witnesses lay their garments at the feet of a young man named Saul (7:58).

Scripture > “But he, being full of the Holy Spirit, looked up stedfastly into heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of God, and said, Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of Man standing on the right hand of God.” > — Acts 7:55-56

“And they stoned Stephen, calling upon the Lord, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleep.” — Acts 7:59-60

A note on dates Acts gives no date. Stephen's death is placed c. AD 32, a couple of years after Pentecost. Those who date the crucifixion to AD 33 rather than AD 30 put these early events about three years later.

The Church Scattered (Acts 8:1-4)

A great persecution arises against the church in Jerusalem. All but the apostles are scattered through Judea and Samaria, and Saul lays waste the church, dragging men and women to prison.

Scripture > “And Saul was consenting unto his death. And there arose on that day a great persecution against the church which was in Jerusalem; and they were all scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judæa and Samaria, except the apostles.” > — Acts 8:1

“But Saul laid waste the church, entering into every house, and dragging men and women committed them to prison. They therefore that were scattered abroad, went about preaching the word.” — Acts 8:3-4

Looking back Paul later describes these years himself: “how that beyond measure I persecuted the church of God, and made havoc of it” (Galatians 1:13).

See also - From Persecutor to Apostle

Philip in Samaria (Acts 8:5-25)

Philip, one of the seven, preaches the Christ in a city of Samaria. Men and women believe and are baptized, Simon the sorcerer among them. Peter and John come down from Jerusalem.

The account - The multitudes give heed to Philip, hearing and seeing the signs he does (8:6-8). - Simon, who had amazed the people with his sorceries, believes and is baptized and continues with Philip (8:9-13). - Peter and John pray for the Samaritans and lay their hands on them, and they receive the Holy Spirit (8:14-17). - Simon offers money for that power; Peter rebukes him and tells him to repent (8:18-24).

Scripture > “But when they believed Philip preaching good tidings concerning the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men and women.” > — Acts 8:12

“Repent therefore of this thy wickedness, and pray the Lord, if perhaps the thought of thy heart shall be forgiven thee.” — Acts 8:22

Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch (Acts 8:26-40)

Sent to the desert road to Gaza, Philip finds an Ethiopian treasurer reading Isaiah in his chariot. He preaches Jesus from that scripture, and the eunuch is baptized and goes on his way rejoicing.

The account - The eunuch is a man of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, returning from worship at Jerusalem (8:27-28). - He is reading Isaiah 53: “He was led as a sheep to the slaughter” (8:32). - Philip is caught away by the Spirit and is found at Azotus, preaching until he comes to Caesarea (8:39-40).

Scripture > “And Philip opened his mouth, and beginning from this Scripture, preached unto him Jesus. And as they went on the way, they came unto a certain water; and the eunuch saith, Behold, here is water; what doth hinder me to be baptized?” > — Acts 8:35-36

“And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they both went down into the water, both Philip and the eunuch, and he baptized him. And when they came up out of the water, the Spirit of the Lord caught away Philip; and the eunuch saw him no more, for he went on his way rejoicing.” — Acts 8:38-39

A note on the text Verse 37, the eunuch's confession found in the King James Version, is not in the ASV's text.

Saul on the Damascus Road (Acts 9:1-19; 22:3-16; 26:9-18)

On his way to arrest disciples at Damascus, Saul is struck down by a light from heaven and hears Jesus speak. Blind for three days, he is sent to Ananias, and he arises and is baptized.

The account - Saul carries letters from the high priest to bring any of the Way bound to Jerusalem (9:1-2). - He neither eats nor drinks for three days, and he prays (9:9-11). - The Lord tells Ananias that Saul is “a chosen vessel unto me, to bear my name before the Gentiles and kings, and the children of Israel” (9:15). - Acts tells the story three times: here, in Paul's defense at Jerusalem (22), and before Agrippa (26).

Scripture > “and he fell upon the earth, and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me? And he said, Who art thou, Lord? And he said, I am Jesus whom thou persecutest: but rise, and enter into the city, and it shall be told thee what thou must do.” > — Acts 9:4-6

“And Ananias departed, and entered into the house; and laying his hands on him said, Brother Saul, the Lord, even Jesus, who appeared unto thee in the way which thou camest, hath sent me, that thou mayest receive thy sight, and be filled with the Holy Spirit. And straightway there fell from his eyes as it were scales, and he received his sight; and he arose and was baptized;” — Acts 9:17-18

“And now why tarriest thou? arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins, calling on his name.” — Acts 22:16

A note on dates Paul says that “after three years” he went up to Jerusalem, and “after the space of fourteen years” he went up again (Galatians 1:18; 2:1). Counted back from the council (c. AD 49), and depending on whether part-years are counted as whole ones, that puts his conversion about AD 32–34; this chart uses c. AD 33–34.

See also - From Persecutor to Apostle

Preaching in Damascus; Arabia · Gal 1:17

Saul in Jerusalem, Then Tarsus (Acts 9:20-30; Galatians 1:17-24)

Saul preaches Jesus in the synagogues of Damascus until the Jews plot to kill him and he is let down the wall in a basket. At Jerusalem the disciples are afraid of him, until Barnabas brings him to the apostles.

The account - He proclaims Jesus in the synagogues, “that he is the Son of God” (9:20). - He goes into Arabia and returns to Damascus before he goes up to Jerusalem (Galatians 1:17). - Paul names the governor under King Aretas who guarded the city to take him (2 Corinthians 11:32-33). - In Jerusalem he sees Peter and stays with him fifteen days, and of the other apostles sees only James the Lord's brother (Galatians 1:18-19). - When the Grecian Jews seek to kill him, the brethren bring him down to Caesarea and send him to Tarsus (9:29-30).

Scripture > “And when he was come to Jerusalem, he assayed to join himself to the disciples: and they were all afraid of him, not believing that he was a disciple. But Barnabas took him, and brought him to the apostles, and declared unto them how he had seen the Lord in the way, and that he had spoken to him, and how at Damascus he had preached boldly in the name of Jesus.” > — Acts 9:26-27

“So the church throughout all Judæa and Galilee and Samaria had peace, being edified; and, walking in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the Holy Spirit, was multiplied.” — Acts 9:31

Peter at Lydda and Joppa (Acts 9:32-43)

Going throughout all parts, Peter heals Aeneas, bedridden eight years, at Lydda. At Joppa he raises Dorcas, a disciple full of good works, and many believe on the Lord.

The account - At Lydda Peter says, “Æneas, Jesus Christ healeth thee: arise and make thy bed” (9:34). All at Lydda and Sharon turn to the Lord (9:35). - Tabitha, called Dorcas, made coats and garments for the widows; they show them to Peter (9:36-39). - Peter stays many days at Joppa with one Simon a tanner (9:43), where the messengers from Cornelius will find him.

Scripture > “But Peter put them all forth, and kneeled down and prayed; and turning to the body, he said, Tabitha, arise. And she opened her eyes; and when she saw Peter, she sat up. And he gave her his hand, and raised her up; and calling the saints and widows, he presented her alive. And it became known throughout all Joppa: and many believed on the Lord.” > — Acts 9:40-42

Peter and Cornelius (Acts 10:1–11:18)

An angel sends the centurion Cornelius to fetch Peter, and a vision teaches Peter not to call any man common. While Peter speaks, the Holy Spirit falls on the Gentiles, and Peter commands them to be baptized.

The account - Cornelius is a devout centurion of the Italian band at Caesarea, who prays and gives alms (10:1-2). - An angel tells him to send to Joppa for Peter, who “shall speak unto thee words, whereby thou shalt be saved, thou and all thy house” (11:14). - Peter's vision of the sheet comes three times (10:9-16). - At Jerusalem Peter answers those of the circumcision by telling the whole account (11:1-17).

Scripture > “And Peter opened his mouth and said, Of a truth I perceive that God is no respecter of persons: but in every nation he that feareth him, and worketh righteousness, is acceptable to him.” > — Acts 10:34-35

“Can any man forbid the water, that these should not be baptized, who have received the Holy Spirit as well as we? And he commanded them to be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. Then prayed they him to tarry certain days.” — Acts 10:47-48

“And when they heard these things, they held their peace, and glorified God, saying, Then to the Gentiles also hath God granted repentance unto life.” — Acts 11:18

A note on dates Acts gives no date. Cornelius is usually placed between Saul's conversion and the events of AD 44 in chapter 12, c. AD 37–40.

The Church at Antioch (Acts 11:19-30)

Men of Cyprus and Cyrene speak to the Greeks at Antioch, and a great number turn to the Lord. Barnabas is sent from Jerusalem, brings Saul from Tarsus, and the disciples are first called Christians.

The account - Those scattered after Stephen travel as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus and Antioch (11:19). - Barnabas, “a good man, and full of the Holy Spirit and of faith,” exhorts them all to cleave unto the Lord (11:23-24). - For a whole year Barnabas and Saul teach much people (11:26). - Agabus foretells a great famine, which came to pass in the days of Claudius; the disciples send relief to the brethren in Judea by Barnabas and Saul (11:27-30).

Scripture > “And the hand of the Lord was with them: and a great number that believed turned unto the Lord.” > — Acts 11:21

“and when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to pass, that even for a whole year they were gathered together with the church, and taught much people, and that the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch.” — Acts 11:26

Famine relief to Judea · Acts 11:27-30

James Killed, Peter Freed (Acts 12:1-19)

Herod the king kills James the brother of John with the sword, and seeing it pleases the Jews, arrests Peter too. The church prays earnestly, and an angel leads Peter out of prison.

The account - The arrest falls during the days of unleavened bread; Peter is kept by four quaternions of soldiers (12:3-4). - The night before Herod would bring him out, Peter sleeps between two soldiers, bound with two chains (12:6). - He comes to the house of Mary the mother of John Mark, where many are gathered praying. Rhoda the maid is so glad she does not open the gate (12:12-16). - Peter tells them to report it “unto James, and to the brethren,” and goes to another place (12:17).

Scripture > “Now about that time Herod the king put forth his hands to afflict certain of the church. And he killed James the brother of John with the sword.” > — Acts 12:1-2

“Peter therefore was kept in the prison: but prayer was made earnestly of the church unto God for him.” — Acts 12:5

The Death of Herod (Acts 12:20-25)

At Caesarea, arrayed in royal apparel, Herod makes an oration, and the people shout that it is the voice of a god. An angel of the Lord smites him, and he is eaten of worms. But the word of God grows and multiplies.

Scripture > “And upon a set day Herod arrayed himself in royal apparel, and sat on the throne, and made an oration unto them. And the people shouted, saying, The voice of a god, and not of a man. And immediately an angel of the Lord smote him, because he gave not God the glory: and he was eaten of worms, and gave up the ghost.” > — Acts 12:21-23

“But the word of God grew and multiplied. And Barnabas and Saul returned from Jerusalem, when they had fulfilled their ministration, taking with them John whose surname was Mark.” — Acts 12:24-25

A fixed point This Herod is Herod Agrippa I, grandson of Herod the Great. The Jewish historian Josephus also describes his sudden death at Caesarea after the people hailed him as a god (Antiquities 19.8.2). His death is dated AD 44, one of the few firm dates in Acts.

The Letter of James (James)

c. AD 45–49 (or before 62)

James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, writes to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion: be doers of the word, not hearers only, for faith apart from works is dead.

The writer The writer names himself only “James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ” (James 1:1). He is usually taken to be James the Lord's brother, the leader of the church at Jerusalem (Acts 15:13; 21:18; Galatians 1:19).

Scripture > “But be ye doers of the word, and not hearers only, deluding your own selves.” > — James 1:22

“Ye see that by works a man is justified, and not only by faith.” — James 2:24

“For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, even so faith apart from works is dead.” — James 2:26

A note on the date Many place it early, c. AD 45–49, before the Jerusalem council: it is addressed to Jewish believers of the Dispersion, and the gathering is called a “synagogue” (James 2:2). Others place it later in the 50s. On either view it was written before James's death in AD 62.

Sent Out From Antioch (Acts 13:1-12)

The Holy Spirit says, Separate me Barnabas and Saul. Sent off with John Mark, they cross to Cyprus, where the sorcerer Elymas is struck blind and the proconsul Sergius Paulus believes.

The account - Prophets and teachers at Antioch include Barnabas, Symeon called Niger, Lucius of Cyrene, Manaen, and Saul (13:1). - At Paphos Elymas withstands them, seeking to turn the proconsul from the faith (13:8). - From here Luke calls him Paul: “But Saul, who is also called Paul, filled with the Holy Spirit, fastened his eyes on him” (13:9).

Scripture > “And as they ministered to the Lord, and fasted, the Holy Spirit said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called them. Then, when they had fasted and prayed and laid their hands on them, they sent them away.” > — Acts 13:2-3

“Then the proconsul, when he saw what was done, believed, being astonished at the teaching of the Lord.” — Acts 13:12

Antioch of Pisidia (Acts 13:13-52)

John Mark leaves them at Perga. In the synagogue at Antioch of Pisidia, Paul preaches forgiveness through Jesus. When the Jews contradict, Paul and Barnabas turn to the Gentiles.

The account - John departs from them at Perga and returns to Jerusalem (13:13). - Paul's sermon runs from the exodus through David to Jesus, raised from the dead (13:16-37). - The next sabbath almost the whole city gathers to hear the word of God (13:44). - The Jews stir up persecution and cast them out of their borders; they shake off the dust of their feet (13:50-51).

Scripture > “Be it known unto you therefore, brethren, that through this man is proclaimed unto you remission of sins: and by him every one that believeth is justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses.” > — Acts 13:38-39

“And Paul and Barnabas spake out boldly, and said, It was necessary that the word of God should first be spoken to you. Seeing ye thrust it from you, and judge yourselves unworthy of eternal life, lo, we turn to the Gentiles.” — Acts 13:46

“And as the Gentiles heard this, they were glad, and glorified the word of God: and as many as were ordained to eternal life believed.” — Acts 13:48

Iconium, Lystra and Derbe (Acts 14)

Driven from Iconium, they heal a lame man at Lystra and are hailed as gods. Then Jews from Antioch and Iconium persuade the crowd, Paul is stoned and left for dead, and he rises and goes on to Derbe.

The account - At Lystra the people call Barnabas Jupiter and Paul Mercury, and the priest of Jupiter brings oxen to sacrifice (14:11-13). - Paul and Barnabas rend their garments: “We also are men of like passions with you” (14:15). - They return through Lystra, Iconium and Antioch, appoint elders in every church, and sail home to Antioch in Syria (14:21-26). - They rehearse “all things that God had done with them, and that he had opened a door of faith unto the Gentiles” (14:27).

Scripture > “But there came Jews thither from Antioch and Iconium: and having persuaded the multitudes, they stoned Paul, and dragged him out of the city, supposing that he was dead. But as the disciples stood round about him, he rose up, and entered into the city: and on the morrow he went forth with Barnabas to Derbe.” > — Acts 14:19-20

“And when they had preached the gospel to that city, and had made many disciples, they returned to Lystra, and to Iconium, and to Antioch, confirming the souls of the disciples, exhorting them to continue in the faith, and that through many tribulations we must enter into the kingdom of God. And when they had appointed for them elders in every church, and had prayed with fasting, they commended them to the Lord, on whom they had believed.” — Acts 14:21-23

Paul resists Peter at Antioch · Gal 2:11-14

The Letter to the Galatians (Galatians)

c. AD 48–49 (or c. 53–57)

Paul marvels that the Galatian churches are so quickly turning to a different gospel. A man is justified by faith in Christ, not by the works of the law.

The letter - Paul defends his apostleship as “not from men, neither through man, but through Jesus Christ, and God the Father” (Galatians 1:1). - He recounts his visits to Jerusalem and his rebuke of Peter at Antioch (1:18–2:14). - He teaches that the law was a tutor to bring us unto Christ (3:24), and he lists the works of the flesh and the fruit of the Spirit (5:19-23).

Scripture > “But though we, or an angel from heaven, should preach unto you any gospel other than that which we preached unto you, let him be anathema.” > — Galatians 1:8

“yet knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law but through faith in Jesus Christ, even we believed on Christ Jesus, that we might be justified by faith in Christ, and not by the works of the law: because by the works of the law shall no flesh be justified.” — Galatians 2:16

“For ye are all sons of God, through faith, in Christ Jesus. For as many of you as were baptized into Christ did put on Christ.” — Galatians 3:26-27

A note on the date This is the most disputed date among Paul's letters. If “the churches of Galatia” are the southern cities of the first journey (Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, Derbe), the letter may be Paul's earliest, written c. AD 48–49 just before the Jerusalem council, which it never mentions. If they are the churches of northern Galatia, it was written later, c. AD 53–57, from Ephesus or Macedonia. It is placed here on the early view.

The Jerusalem Council (Acts 15:1-35; Galatians 2:1-10)

Men from Judea teach that Gentiles must be circumcised to be saved. The apostles and elders meet at Jerusalem. Peter, Barnabas, Paul and James speak, and a letter goes to the Gentile churches.

The account - Paul and Barnabas have “no small dissension and questioning” with the men from Judea and are sent up to Jerusalem (15:1-2). - Some believers of the sect of the Pharisees say the Gentiles must be circumcised and keep the law of Moses (15:5). - Barnabas and Paul rehearse the signs and wonders God did among the Gentiles (15:12). - James cites Amos 9 and gives his judgment (15:13-21). - Judas called Barsabbas and Silas carry the letter to Antioch, and the brethren rejoice at the consolation (15:22-31).

Scripture > “Now therefore why make ye trial of God, that ye should put a yoke upon the neck of the disciples which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear? But we believe that we shall be saved through the grace of the Lord Jesus, in like manner as they.” > — Acts 15:10-11

“For it seemed good to the Holy Spirit, and to us, to lay upon you no greater burden than these necessary things: that ye abstain from things sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication; from which if ye keep yourselves, it shall be well with you. Fare ye well.” — Acts 15:28-29

A note on Galatians 2 Many identify the private meeting of Galatians 2:1-10 with this council. Those who date Galatians early identify it with the famine-relief visit of Acts 11:30.

Paul and Barnabas Part (Acts 15:36–16:5)

Barnabas wants to take John Mark again; Paul does not. After a sharp contention, Barnabas sails for Cyprus with Mark, and Paul chooses Silas. At Lystra Timothy joins them.

The account - Paul proposes they visit the brethren in every city where they had proclaimed the word (15:36). - Timothy's mother is a Jewess who believes, his father a Greek; he is well reported of by the brethren at Lystra and Iconium (16:1-2). - Paul circumcises Timothy because of the Jews in those parts (16:3). - They deliver the decrees of the apostles and elders to keep (16:4).

Scripture > “And there arose a sharp contention, so that they parted asunder one from the other, and Barnabas took Mark with him, and sailed away unto Cyprus; but Paul choose Silas, and went forth, being commended by the brethren to the grace of the Lord.” > — Acts 15:39-40

“So the churches were strengthened in the faith, and increased in number daily.” — Acts 16:5

See also - Timothy: Character Study - Map: Paul's Second Journey

Claudius expels Jews from Rome · c. AD 49 · Acts 18:2

The Call to Macedonia (Acts 16:6-15)

Forbidden by the Holy Spirit to speak the word in Asia, Paul sees a man of Macedonia in a vision at Troas. At Philippi, by a riverside, the Lord opens Lydia's heart, and she and her household are baptized.

The account - Here the account begins to say “we” (16:10). Many take this to mean that the writer, traditionally Luke, joined Paul at Troas. - Philippi is “a city of Macedonia, the first of the district, a Roman colony” (16:12). - On the sabbath they go out beside a river, where they supposed there was a place of prayer (16:13).

Scripture > “And a vision appeared to Paul in the night: There was a man of Macedonia standing, beseeching him, and saying, Come over into Macedonia, and help us. And when he had seen the vision, straightway we sought to go forth into Macedonia, concluding that God had called us to preach the gospel to them.” > — Acts 16:9-10

“And a certain woman named Lydia, a seller of purple of the city of Thyatira, one that worshipped God, heard us: whose heart the Lord opened to give heed unto the things which were spoken by Paul. And when she was baptized, and her household, she besought us, saying, If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come into my house, and abide there. And she constrained us.” — Acts 16:14-15

See also - Luke: Character Study

The Jailer at Philippi (Acts 16:16-40)

Paul and Silas are beaten with rods and put in the stocks after casting a spirit out of a slave girl. At midnight, as they pray and sing, an earthquake opens the doors. The jailer asks what he must do to be saved.

The account - The girl's masters drag Paul and Silas before the magistrates, who have them beaten and thrown into the inner prison (16:19-24). - The jailer draws his sword to kill himself, thinking the prisoners had fled. Paul cries, “Do thyself no harm: for we are all here” (16:27-28). - The next day Paul tells the magistrates' sergeants that they have beaten Roman citizens uncondemned (16:37).

Scripture > “But about midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing hymns unto God, and the prisoners were listening to them;” > — Acts 16:25

“and brought them out and said, Sirs, what must I do to be saved? And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus, and thou shalt be saved, thou and thy house.” — Acts 16:30-31

“And they spake the word of the Lord unto him, with all that were in his house. And he took them the same hour of the night, and washed their stripes; and was baptized, he and all his, immediately. And he brought them up into his house, and set food before them, and rejoiced greatly, with all his house, having believed in God.” — Acts 16:32-34

What the text records Paul's answer was to believe on the Lord Jesus. They then spoke the word of the Lord to him and all his house, and “the same hour of the night” he washed their stripes and was baptized, and rejoiced, “having believed in God” (16:33-34).

Thessalonica and Berea (Acts 17:1-15)

For three sabbaths Paul reasons from the Scriptures that the Christ must suffer and rise again. Jealous Jews set the city in an uproar, and at Berea the people examine the Scriptures daily to see whether these things are so.

The account - Some Jews, a great multitude of devout Greeks, and not a few chief women believe (17:4). - The mob assaults the house of Jason, crying, “These that have turned the world upside down are come hither also” (17:5-6). - Jews from Thessalonica follow Paul to Berea; he goes on to Athens, leaving Silas and Timothy behind (17:13-15).

Scripture > “and Paul, as his custom was, went in unto them, and for three sabbath days reasoned with them from the Scriptures, opening and alleging that it behooved the Christ to suffer, and to rise again from the dead; and that this Jesus, whom, said he, I proclaim unto you, is the Christ.” > — Acts 17:2-3

“Now these were more noble than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of the mind, examining the Scriptures daily, whether these things were so. Many of them therefore believed; also of the Greek women of honorable estate, and of men, not a few.” — Acts 17:11-12

Paul at Athens (Acts 17:16-34)

Provoked by a city full of idols, Paul reasons in the synagogue and the marketplace. Brought to the Areopagus, he proclaims the unknown God, Creator of all, who now commands all men everywhere to repent.

The account - Epicurean and Stoic philosophers ask, “What would this babbler say?” (17:18). - Paul begins from an altar inscribed “TO AN UNKNOWN GOD” (17:23). - Some mock at the resurrection of the dead; others say they will hear him again. Dionysius the Areopagite, a woman named Damaris, and others believe (17:32-34).

Scripture > “The God that made the world and all things therein, he, being Lord of heaven and earth, dwelleth not in temples made with hands; neither is he served by men’s hands, as though he needed anything, seeing he himself giveth to all life, and breath, and all things;” > — Acts 17:24-25

“The times of ignorance therefore God overlooked; but now he commandeth men that they should all everywhere repent: inasmuch as he hath appointed a day in which he will judge the world in righteousness by the man whom he hath ordained; whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead.” — Acts 17:30-31

Eighteen Months at Corinth (Acts 18:1-11)

At Corinth Paul works at tentmaking with Aquila and Priscilla, newly come from Italy. Crispus the synagogue ruler believes with all his house, and the Lord tells Paul in a vision that he has much people in this city.

The account - Aquila and Priscilla had left Rome because Claudius commanded all the Jews to depart from Rome (18:2). The Roman writer Suetonius also mentions this expulsion, usually dated AD 49. - Silas and Timothy come down from Macedonia (18:5). Paul then writes 1 Thessalonians (1 Thessalonians 3:6). - When the Jews oppose and blaspheme, Paul goes next door, to the house of Titus Justus (18:6-7).

Scripture > “And Crispus, the ruler of the synagogue, believed in the Lord with all his house; and many of the Corinthians hearing believed, and were baptized.” > — Acts 18:8

“And the Lord said unto Paul in the night by a vision, Be not afraid, but speak and hold not thy peace: for I am with thee, and no man shall set on thee to harm thee: for I have much people in this city. And he dwelt there a year and six months, teaching the word of God among them.” — Acts 18:9-11

1 Thessalonians (1 Thessalonians)

c. AD 50–51, from Corinth

Glad at Timothy's good report, Paul writes to a young church he had to leave in haste. He encourages them in affliction and teaches about those who have fallen asleep and the Lord's coming.

The letter - Paul, Silvanus and Timothy greet the church (1 Thessalonians 1:1). - Paul had sent Timothy from Athens to establish them, and Timothy has just returned with good tidings of their faith and love (3:1-6).

Scripture > “For they themselves report concerning us what manner of entering in we had unto you; and how ye turned unto God from idols, to serve a living and true God, and to wait for his Son from heaven, whom he raised from the dead, even Jesus, who delivereth us from the wrath to come.” > — 1 Thessalonians 1:9-10

“For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven, with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trump of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first; then we that are alive, that are left, shall together with them be caught up in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord.” — 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17

Before Gallio (Acts 18:12-17)

The Jews bring Paul before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia. Gallio refuses to judge questions about words and names and their own law, and drives them from the judgment seat.

Scripture > “But when Gallio was proconsul of Achaia, the Jews with one accord rose up against Paul and brought him before the judgment-seat, saying, This man persuadeth men to worship God contrary to the law.” > — Acts 18:12-13

“But when Paul was about to open his mouth, Gallio said unto the Jews, If indeed it were a matter of wrong or of wicked villany, O ye Jews, reason would that I should bear with you: but if they are questions about words and names and your own law, look to it yourselves; I am not minded to be a judge of these matters.” — Acts 18:14-15

A fixed point An inscription found at Delphi, a letter of the emperor Claudius, names Gallio as proconsul of Achaia. It places his term in AD 51–52, and so gives the firmest date in Paul's journeys.

2 Thessalonians (2 Thessalonians)

Written soon after the first letter: some at Thessalonica are troubled, as though the day of the Lord were already present. Paul says that day will not come before the falling away, and tells them to hold the traditions.

The letter - Again from Paul, Silvanus and Timothy (2 Thessalonians 1:1). - He warns against those who walk disorderly: “If any will not work, neither let him eat” (3:10).

Scripture > “Now we beseech you, brethren, touching the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, and our gathering together unto him; to the end that ye be not quickly shaken from your mind, nor yet be troubled, either by spirit, or by word, or by epistle as from us, as that the day of the Lord is just at hand; let no man beguile you in any wise: for it will not be, except the falling away come first, and the man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition,” > — 2 Thessalonians 2:1-3

“So then, brethren, stand fast, and hold the traditions which ye were taught, whether by word, or by epistle of ours.” — 2 Thessalonians 2:15

Back to Antioch (Acts 18:18-22)

Paul sails for Syria with Priscilla and Aquila, leaves them at Ephesus after reasoning briefly in the synagogue, promises to return if God will, and goes up to greet the church before going down to Antioch.

The account - At Cenchreae he shaves his head, for he had a vow (18:18). - At Ephesus they ask him to stay longer, but he does not consent (18:20).

Scripture > “but taking his leave of them, and saying, I will return again unto you if God will, he set sail from Ephesus. And when he had landed at Cæsarea, he went up and saluted the church, and went down to Antioch.” > — Acts 18:21-22

Apollos and the Disciples at Ephesus (Acts 18:23–19:7)

Apollos, mighty in the Scriptures but knowing only John's baptism, is taught the way of God more accurately. Paul finds about twelve disciples at Ephesus who also knew only John's baptism, and they are baptized into the name of the Lord Jesus.

The account - Paul sets out again through Galatia and Phrygia, establishing the disciples (18:23). - Priscilla and Aquila take Apollos and expound unto him the way of God more accurately (18:26). He goes on to Achaia and powerfully confutes the Jews (18:27-28). - Paul lays his hands on the twelve, and the Holy Spirit comes on them; they speak with tongues and prophesy (19:6-7).

Scripture > “Now a certain Jew named Apollos, an Alexandrian by race, an eloquent man, came to Ephesus; and he was mighty in the scriptures. This man had been instructed in the way of the Lord; and being fervent in spirit, he spake and taught accurately the things concerning Jesus, knowing only the baptism of John:” > — Acts 18:24-25

“And he said, Into what then were ye baptized? And they said, Into John’s baptism. And Paul said, John baptized with the baptism of repentance, saying unto the people that they should believe on him that should come after him, that is, on Jesus. And when they heard this, they were baptized into the name of the Lord Jesus.” — Acts 19:3-5

Two Years at Ephesus (Acts 19:8-20)

After three months in the synagogue Paul reasons daily in the school of Tyrannus for two years, so that all Asia hears the word. Sons of Sceva are overpowered, and those who practiced magic burn their books.

The account - God works special miracles by the hands of Paul (19:11-12). - Seven sons of Sceva try to cast out spirits by “Jesus whom Paul preacheth”; the evil spirit answers, “Jesus I know, and Paul I know; but who are ye?” (19:13-16). - Paul's time at Ephesus totals about three years (20:31). The churches of the province, among them those at Colossae and Laodicea, likely date from these years (Colossians 2:1; 4:13).

Scripture > “And this continued for the space of two years; so that all they that dwelt in Asia heard the word of the Lord, both Jews and Greeks.” > — Acts 19:10

“Many also of them that had believed came, confessing, and declaring their deeds. And not a few of them that practised magical arts brought their books together and burned them in the sight of all; and they counted the price of them, and found it fifty thousand pieces of silver. So mightily grew the word of the Lord and prevailed.” — Acts 19:18-20

1 Corinthians (1 Corinthians)

Writing from Ephesus, Paul answers reports of divisions and immorality at Corinth and a letter of questions: marriage, meat offered to idols, the Lord's supper, spiritual gifts, and the resurrection.

The letter - Chloe's household reports contentions: “I am of Paul; and I of Apollos; and I of Cephas; and I of Christ” (1 Corinthians 1:11-12). - Paul will “tarry at Ephesus until Pentecost” (16:8). - He gives instruction for the collection for the saints “Upon the first day of the week” (16:1-2).

Scripture > “Now I beseech you, brethren, through the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that ye all speak the same thing, and that there be no divisions among you; but that ye be perfected together in the same mind and in the same judgment.” > — 1 Corinthians 1:10

“For I received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, that the Lord Jesus in the night in which he was betrayed took bread; and when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said, This is my body, which is for you: this do in remembrance of me.” — 1 Corinthians 11:23-24

“For I delivered unto you first of all that which also I received: that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures; and that he was buried; and that he hath been raised on the third day according to the scriptures;” — 1 Corinthians 15:3-4

The Riot at Ephesus (Acts 19:21-41)

Demetrius the silversmith, whose trade in shrines of Diana is threatened, stirs up the craftsmen. The city fills with confusion and the crowd shouts for two hours until the town clerk quiets them.

The account - Paul purposes to pass through Macedonia and Achaia, go to Jerusalem, and “I must also see Rome” (19:21). - The mob seizes Gaius and Aristarchus, Paul's companions in travel; the disciples will not let Paul go in to the people (19:29-30). - The town clerk reminds the crowd that the courts are open and dismisses the assembly (19:35-41).

Scripture > “And ye see and hear; that not alone at Ephesus, but almost throughout all Asia, this Paul hath persuaded and turned away much people, saying that they are no gods, that are made with hands:” > — Acts 19:26

“But when they perceived that he was a Jew, all with one voice about the space of two hours cried out, Great is Diana of the Ephesians.” — Acts 19:34

2 Corinthians (2 Corinthians)

c. AD 56, from Macedonia

Comforted in Macedonia by Titus's news from Corinth, Paul writes of the ministry of the new covenant, urges the collection for the saints, and defends his apostleship against false apostles.

The letter - Paul found no relief at Troas because he did not find Titus, and went on into Macedonia (2 Corinthians 2:12-13). - He lists his labors, imprisonments, beatings and shipwrecks (11:23-28).

Scripture > “Wherefore if any man is in Christ, he is a new creature: the old things are passed away; behold, they are become new.” > — 2 Corinthians 5:17

“For even when we were come into Macedonia our flesh had no relief, but we were afflicted on every side; without were fightings, within were fears. Nevertheless he that comforteth the lowly, even God, comforted us by the coming of Titus;” — 2 Corinthians 7:5-6

See also - Titus: Character Study

Macedonia and Greece (Acts 20:1-6)

After the uproar Paul goes through Macedonia with much exhortation and spends three months in Greece. A plot by the Jews turns him back through Macedonia, with companions from many churches.

The account - His companions are Sopater of Berea, Aristarchus and Secundus of Thessalonica, Gaius of Derbe, Timothy, and Tychicus and Trophimus of Asia (20:4). - They sail from Philippi after the days of unleavened bread (20:6). - Paul is carrying the contribution of the churches for the poor saints at Jerusalem (Romans 15:25-26; Acts 24:17).

Scripture > “And when he had gone through those parts, and had given them much exhortation, he came into Greece. And when he had spent three months there, and a plot was laid against him by the Jews as he was about to set sail for Syria, he determined to return through Macedonia.” > — Acts 20:2-3

See also - Paul's Circle

Romans (Romans)

Before carrying the collection to Jerusalem, Paul writes to a church he has not yet visited: all have sinned, and the righteousness of God is revealed in the gospel to everyone who believes.

The letter - He commends Phoebe, servant of the church at Cenchreae, near Corinth (Romans 16:1). - Gaius, Paul's host, and Erastus the treasurer of the city send greetings (16:23). - He hopes to visit Rome on his way to Spain (15:24).

Scripture > “For I am not ashamed of the gospel: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.” > — Romans 1:16

“Or are ye ignorant that all we who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were buried therefore with him through baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, so we also might walk in newness of life.” — Romans 6:3-4

“but now, I say, I go unto Jerusalem, ministering unto the saints. For it hath been the good pleasure of Macedonia and Achaia to make a certain contribution for the poor among the saints that are at Jerusalem.” — Romans 15:25-26

See also - The Church in Rome

The First Day of the Week at Troas (Acts 20:7-12)

The disciples gather on the first day of the week to break bread. Paul speaks until midnight, the young man Eutychus falls from the third story, and Paul brings him back alive.

The account - They tarry at Troas seven days (20:6). - Many lights are in the upper chamber where they are gathered (20:8). - Eutychus sits in the window and falls, borne down with sleep; he is taken up dead (20:9).

Scripture > “And upon the first day of the week, when we were gathered together to break bread, Paul discoursed with them, intending to depart on the morrow; and prolonged his speech until midnight.” > — Acts 20:7

“And Paul went down, and fell on him, and embracing him said, Make ye no ado; for his life is in him. And when he was gone up, and had broken the bread, and eaten, and had talked with them a long while, even till break of day, so he departed. And they brought the lad alive, and were not a little comforted.” — Acts 20:10-12

Farewell at Miletus (Acts 20:13-38)

Hastening to be at Jerusalem for Pentecost, Paul calls the elders of Ephesus to Miletus. He reminds them of his three years among them, charges them to shepherd the flock, and they will see his face no more.

The account - Paul shrank not from declaring “the whole counsel of God” (20:27). - He warns that grievous wolves will enter in, and men from among themselves will speak perverse things (20:29-30). - He kneels and prays with them all, and they weep (20:36-38).

Scripture > “But I hold not my life of any account as dear unto myself, so that I may accomplish my course, and the ministry which I received from the Lord Jesus, to testify the gospel of the grace of God.” > — Acts 20:24

“Take heed unto yourselves, and to all the flock, in which the Holy Spirit hath made you bishops, to feed the church of the Lord which he purchased with his own blood.” — Acts 20:28

Agabus binds his hands with Paul's girdle · Acts 21:8-14

Arrested in the Temple (Acts 21:17–22:29)

James and the elders receive Paul gladly. While Paul is in the temple, Jews from Asia stir up the crowd, and the Roman commander rescues him from being beaten to death. Paul speaks to the people from the stairs.

The account - James and the elders glorify God for the Gentiles and urge Paul to purify himself with four men under a vow (21:18-26). - The Jews from Asia suppose Paul had brought Trophimus the Ephesian into the temple (21:27-29). - Paul tells the crowd of his conversion. When he says he was sent to the Gentiles, they cry out against him (22:21-22). - About to be scourged, he asks whether it is lawful to scourge a Roman uncondemned (22:25).

Scripture > “Then Paul answered, What do ye, weeping and breaking my heart? for I am ready not to be bound only, but also to die at Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus.” > — Acts 21:13

“And all the city was moved, and the people ran together; and they laid hold on Paul, and dragged him out of the temple: and straightway the doors were shut. And as they were seeking to kill him, tidings came up to the chief captain of the band, that all Jerusalem was in confusion.” — Acts 21:30-31

The Council and the Plot (Acts 22:30–23:35)

Before the council Paul sets the Pharisees against the Sadducees over the resurrection. The Lord stands by him at night. More than forty men vow to kill him, and Paul's nephew reveals the plot.

The account - The commander, Claudius Lysias, sends Paul by night to Felix the governor at Caesarea under a guard of soldiers, horsemen and spearmen (23:23-24). - His letter says he found Paul “accused about questions of their law, but to have nothing laid to his charge worthy of death or of bonds” (23:29).

Scripture > “But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, Brethren, I am a Pharisee, a son of Pharisees: touching the hope and resurrection of the dead I am called in question.” > — Acts 23:6

“And the night following the Lord stood by him, and said, Be of good cheer: for as thou hast testified concerning me at Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome.” — Acts 23:11

Two Years Before Felix (Acts 24)

The orator Tertullus accuses Paul as a pestilent fellow. Paul answers that he worships the God of his fathers after the Way. Felix trembles at his reasoning, but leaves him bound for two years, hoping for money.

The account - Paul has “hope toward God” that “there shall be a resurrection both of the just and unjust” (24:15). - He had come “to bring alms to my nation, and offerings” (24:17). - Felix had “more exact knowledge concerning the Way” (24:22).

Scripture > “But after certain days, Felix came with Drusilla, his wife, who was a Jewess, and sent for Paul, and heard him concerning the faith in Christ Jesus. And as he reasoned of righteousness, and self-control, and the judgment to come, Felix was terrified, and answered, Go thy way for this time; and when I have a convenient season, I will call thee unto me.” > — Acts 24:24-25

“But when two years were fulfilled, Felix was succeeded by Porcius Festus; and desiring to gain favor with the Jews, Felix left Paul in bonds.” — Acts 24:27

Festus, the Appeal, and Agrippa (Acts 25–26)

When Festus would send him to be judged at Jerusalem, Paul appeals to Caesar. King Agrippa and Bernice come to Caesarea, and Paul tells them of his conversion and calling.

The account - The Jews ask Festus to bring Paul to Jerusalem, laying wait to kill him on the way (25:3). - Agrippa here is Herod Agrippa II, son of the Herod of Acts 12. - Festus cries, “Paul, thou art mad” (26:24). - Agrippa says Paul might have been set at liberty, if he had not appealed unto Caesar (26:32).

Scripture > “But Paul said, I am standing before Cæsar’s judgment-seat, where I ought to be judged: to the Jews have I done no wrong, as thou also very well knowest. If then I am a wrong-doer, and have committed anything worthy of death, I refuse not to die; but if none of those things is true whereof these accuse me, no man can give me up unto them. I appeal unto Cæsar.” > — Acts 25:10-11

“And Agrippa said unto Paul, With but little persuasion thou wouldest fain make me a Christian. And Paul said, I would to God, that whether with little or with much, not thou only, but also all that hear me this day, might become such as I am, except these bonds.” — Acts 26:28-29

Storm and Shipwreck (Acts 27:1–28:15)

Sailing late in the season under the centurion Julius, the ship is caught by the wind Euraquilo and driven for fourteen days. All 276 aboard come safe to land on Malta, where they winter three months.

The account - “The Fast was now already gone by” (27:9), the Day of Atonement, so it was autumn. - Paul tells them, “Except these abide in the ship, ye cannot be saved” (27:31). - On Melita a viper fastens on his hand and he takes no harm; he heals the father of Publius (28:3-8). - Brethren come from Rome to meet him at the Market of Appius and the Three Taverns (28:15).

Scripture > “For there stood by me this night an angel of the God whose I am, whom also I serve, saying, Fear not, Paul; thou must stand before Cæsar: and lo, God hath granted thee all them that sail with thee. Wherefore, sirs, be of good cheer: for I believe God, that it shall be even so as it hath been spoken unto me.” > — Acts 27:23-25

“and the rest, some on planks, and some on other things from the ship. And so it came to pass, that they all escaped safe to the land.” — Acts 27:44

Two Years in Rome (Acts 28:16-31)

In Rome Paul lives under guard by himself with a soldier. He calls the chief of the Jews and testifies of the kingdom of God from morning till evening. For two whole years he receives all who come to him.

The account - Some believe the things spoken, and some disbelieve (28:24). - Paul quotes Isaiah 6 and says, “this salvation of God is sent unto the Gentiles: they will also hear” (28:28).

Scripture > “And when they had appointed him a day, they came to him into his lodging in great number; to whom he expounded the matter, testifying the kingdom of God, and persuading them concerning Jesus, both from the law of Moses and from the prophets, from morning till evening.” > — Acts 28:23

“And he abode two whole years in his own hired dwelling, and received all that went in unto him, preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching the things concerning the Lord Jesus Christ with all boldness, none forbidding him.” — Acts 28:30-31

Where Acts ends Acts closes without telling the outcome of Paul's appeal. Many take this to mean that Luke finished the book about this time, c. AD 62.

Ephesians, Colossians and Philemon (Ephesians · Colossians · Philemon)

Three letters written from bonds and carried together by Tychicus, with Onesimus the runaway slave returning to his master Philemon at Colossae.

The letters - Paul calls himself “the prisoner of Christ Jesus” (Ephesians 3:1) and “Paul, a prisoner of Christ Jesus” (Philemon 1:1). - Tychicus carries Ephesians and Colossians, and Onesimus goes with him (Ephesians 6:21; Colossians 4:7-9). - Paul asks Philemon to receive Onesimus “no longer as a servant, but more than a servant, a brother beloved” (Philemon 1:16).

Scripture > “There is one body, and one Spirit, even as also ye were called in one hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all, who is over all, and through all, and in all.” > — Ephesians 4:4-6

“having been buried with him in baptism, wherein ye were also raised with him through faith in the working of God, who raised him from the dead.” — Colossians 2:12

“All my affairs shall Tychicus make known unto you, the beloved brother and faithful minister and fellow-servant in the Lord: whom I have sent unto you for this very purpose, that ye may know our state, and that he may comfort your hearts; together with Onesimus, the faithful and beloved brother, who is one of you. They shall make known unto you all things that are done here.” — Colossians 4:7-9

A note on the place These letters are usually placed in the Roman imprisonment of Acts 28. Some place them at Caesarea (Acts 24) or in an imprisonment at Ephesus that Acts does not record.

Philippians (Philippians)

Paul thanks the church at Philippi for its gift sent by Epaphroditus. His bonds have turned out to the progress of the gospel, and he expects to be released and see them again.

The letter - His bonds have become manifest “throughout the whole praetorian guard” (Philippians 1:13). - “All the saints salute you, especially they that are of Cæsar’s household” (4:22). - He trusts in the Lord that he himself shall come shortly (2:24).

Scripture > “Now I would have you know, brethren, that the things which happened unto me have fallen out rather unto the progress of the gospel; so that my bonds became manifest in Christ throughout the whole praetorian guard, and to all the rest;” > — Philippians 1:12-13

“For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain.” — Philippians 1:21

“And having this confidence, I know that I shall abide, yea, and abide with you all, for your progress and joy in the faith; that your glorying may abound in Christ Jesus in me through my presence with you again.” — Philippians 1:25-26

James the Lord's brother killed · AD 62 (Josephus)

Release and Further Travels (Philemon 1:22; 1 Timothy 1:3; Titus 1:5)

Acts ends with Paul still waiting. The letters to Timothy and Titus place him in Ephesus, Macedonia, Crete and Nicopolis, journeys that do not fit within Acts, so many conclude he was released and traveled again.

What the letters say - Paul expected to be set free (Philippians 1:25; 2:24) and asked Philemon to prepare him a lodging. - He left Timothy at Ephesus while he went into Macedonia (1 Timothy 1:3). - He left Titus in Crete and planned to winter at Nicopolis (Titus 1:5; 3:12).

Scripture > “But withal prepare me also a lodging: for I hope that through your prayers I shall be granted unto you.” > — Philemon 1:22

“For this cause left I thee in Crete, that thou shouldest set in order the things that were wanting, and appoint elders in every city, as I gave thee charge;” — Titus 1:5

A note on the history This reconstruction depends on the letters, not on Acts. Clement of Rome, writing about AD 96, says Paul reached “the limit of the west” before his death, which some read as the journey to Spain he had hoped for (Romans 15:24).

1 Timothy (1 Timothy)

Left at Ephesus, Timothy is charged to stop men teaching a different doctrine, to order the church's worship, and to see that its overseers and deacons meet the qualifications Paul sets out.

The letter - Paul writes so that Timothy may know how men ought to behave themselves in the house of God (1 Timothy 3:15). - He gives the qualifications of overseers and deacons (3:1-13).

Scripture > “Faithful is the saying, and worthy of all acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners; of whom I am chief:” > — 1 Timothy 1:15

“These things write I unto thee, hoping to come unto thee shortly; but if I tarry long, that thou mayest know how men ought to behave themselves in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth.” — 1 Timothy 3:14-15

“Let no man despise thy youth; but be thou an ensample to them that believe, in word, in manner of life, in love, in faith, in purity.” — 1 Timothy 4:12

1 Peter (1 Peter)

Peter writes from “Babylon” by Silvanus to the elect of the Dispersion in Asia Minor, who are suffering for the name. He calls them to holy living and to rejoice in the fiery trial.

The letter - Addressed to the sojourners of the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia (1 Peter 1:1). - “She that is in Babylon” and “Mark my son” send greetings (5:13). Babylon is commonly taken as a name for Rome.

Scripture > “which also after a true likeness doth now save you, even baptism, not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the interrogation of a good conscience toward God, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ;” > — 1 Peter 3:21

“Beloved, think it not strange concerning the fiery trial among you, which cometh upon you to prove you, as though a strange thing happened unto you: but insomuch as ye are partakers of Christ’s sufferings, rejoice; that at the revelation of his glory also ye may rejoice with exceeding joy.” — 1 Peter 4:12-13

“but if a man suffer as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God in this name.” — 1 Peter 4:16

A note on the date Usually placed just before or at the start of Nero's persecution, c. AD 62–64.

The Fire at Rome and Nero's Persecution (Tacitus, Annals 15.44)

In July of AD 64 a great fire burns much of Rome. To stop the rumor that he ordered it, Nero blames the Christians, and many are put to death with cruelty.

What the historians say - The Roman historian Tacitus writes that Nero fastened the guilt on those “whom the crowd called Christians” and had them torn by dogs, crucified, and burned as torches by night (Annals 15.44). - Tacitus names Christ as the founder of the name, executed under Pontius Pilate in the reign of Tiberius. - This is the first known persecution of Christians by the Roman state itself. Earlier, Roman officials in Acts had generally protected Paul (Acts 18:14-16; 23:29; 26:31-32).

Scripture > “but if a man suffer as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God in this name.” > — 1 Peter 4:16

“Yea, and all that would live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution.” — 2 Timothy 3:12

Titus (Titus)

Paul writes to Titus, left in Crete to set in order the things wanting and appoint elders in every city, reminding him that God saved us by the washing of regeneration and renewing of the Holy Spirit.

The letter - Elders must hold to the faithful word, able to exhort in sound doctrine and to convict the gainsayers (Titus 1:9). - Paul asks Titus to come to him at Nicopolis (3:12).

Scripture > “For the grace of God hath appeared, bringing salvation to all men, instructing us, to the intent that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly and righteously and godly in this present world;” > — Titus 2:11-12

“not by works done in righteousness, which we did ourselves, but according to his mercy he saved us, through the washing of regeneration and renewing of the Holy Spirit,” — Titus 3:5

2 Peter (2 Peter)

Knowing he must soon put off his tabernacle, Peter writes to stir up the believers' memory, warns against false teachers, and answers mockers who ask, Where is the promise of his coming?

The letter - Peter was an eyewitness of Christ's majesty on the holy mount (2 Peter 1:16-18). - He counts Paul's letters with “the other scriptures” (3:15-16).

Scripture > “knowing that the putting off of my tabernacle cometh swiftly, even as our Lord Jesus Christ signified unto me. Yea, I will give diligence that at every time ye may be able after my decease to call these things to remembrance.” > — 2 Peter 1:14-15

“The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some count slackness; but is longsuffering to you-ward, not wishing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance. But the day of the Lord will come as a thief; in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall be dissolved with fervent heat, and the earth and the works that are therein shall be burned up.” — 2 Peter 3:9-10

Paul Imprisoned Again (2 Timothy 1:8-17; 4:6-21)

Paul is again a prisoner at Rome, now in chains and nearly alone. Onesiphorus seeks him out; at his first defense no one stands with him, but the Lord stands by him.

The account - All in Asia have turned away from him, among them Phygelus and Hermogenes (2 Timothy 1:15). - Demas has forsaken him; only Luke is with him (4:10-11). - He asks Timothy to come before winter and bring the cloak, the books and the parchments (4:13, 21).

Scripture > “The Lord grant mercy unto the house of Onesiphorus: for he oft refreshed me, and was not ashamed of my chain; but, when he was in Rome, he sought me diligently, and found me” > — 2 Timothy 1:16-17

“At my first defence no one took my part, but all forsook me: may it not be laid to their account. But the Lord stood by me, and strengthened me; that through me the message might be fully proclaimed, and that all the Gentiles might hear: and I was delivered out of the mouth of the lion.” — 2 Timothy 4:16-17

2 Timothy (2 Timothy)

Paul's last letter: he charges Timothy to guard the pattern of sound words, endure hardship, and preach the word in season and out of season, for the time of his own departure is come.

The letter - Timothy has known the sacred writings from a babe; his grandmother Lois and mother Eunice had the same unfeigned faith (2 Timothy 1:5; 3:15). - “Take Mark, and bring him with thee; for he is useful to me for ministering” (4:11).

Scripture > “Every scripture inspired of God is also profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for instruction which is in righteousness: that the man of God may be complete, furnished completely unto every good work.” > — 2 Timothy 3:16-17

“I charge thee in the sight of God, and of Christ Jesus, who shall judge the living and the dead, and by his appearing and his kingdom: preach the word; be urgent in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort, with all longsuffering and teaching.” — 2 Timothy 4:1-2

Hebrews (Hebrews)

To Hebrew believers tempted to draw back, the writer shows that Christ is better than the angels, Moses, and the Levitical priests, and that his one sacrifice has made the old covenant ready to vanish away.

The letter - The writer does not name himself. He mentions that “our brother Timothy hath been set at liberty” and sends greetings from “They of Italy” (Hebrews 13:23-24).

Scripture > “In that he saith, A new covenant, he hath made the first old. But that which is becoming old and waxeth aged is nigh unto vanishing away.” > — Hebrews 8:13

“And every priest indeed standeth day by day ministering and offering oftentimes the same sacrifices, the which can never take away sins: but he, when he had offered one sacrifice for sins for ever, sat down on the right hand of God;” — Hebrews 10:11-12

“For we have not here an abiding city, but we seek after the city which is to come.” — Hebrews 13:14

A note on the date The letter speaks of the priests' offerings as still being made (Hebrews 8:4; 10:1-3, 11). For that reason it is usually dated before the temple fell in AD 70.

The Death of Peter (John 21:18-19; 2 Peter 1:14)

Jesus had told Peter by what manner of death he would glorify God. Scripture does not record his death; early writers say he died at Rome under Nero.

Scripture > “Verily, verily, I say unto thee, When thou wast young, thou girdedst thyself, and walkedst whither thou wouldest: but when thou shalt be old, thou shalt stretch forth thy hands, and another shall gird thee, and carry thee whither thou wouldest not. Now this he spake, signifying by what manner of death he should glorify God. And when he had spoken this, he saith unto him, Follow me.” > — John 21:18-19

“knowing that the putting off of my tabernacle cometh swiftly, even as our Lord Jesus Christ signified unto me.” — 2 Peter 1:14

What early writers say - Clement of Rome, about AD 96, names Peter and Paul among the “pillars” who suffered and were martyred (1 Clement 5). - Later writers, recorded by Eusebius, say Peter was crucified at Rome under Nero. The year is not certain.

Jewish revolt against Rome begins · AD 66

Jude (Jude)

Jude, brother of James, meant to write of the common salvation but writes instead to urge believers to contend for the faith against ungodly men who have crept in privily.

The letter - The writer is “Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ, and brother of James” (Jude 1:1), usually taken as another of the Lord's brothers (Matthew 13:55). - Much of its warning closely parallels 2 Peter 2.

Scripture > “Beloved, while I was giving all diligence to write unto you of our common salvation, I was constrained to write unto you exhorting you to contend earnestly for the faith which was once for all delivered unto the saints.” > — Jude 1:3

“Now unto him that is able to guard you from stumbling, and to set you before the presence of his glory without blemish in exceeding joy, to the only God our Saviour, through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, dominion and power, before all time, and now, and for evermore. Amen.” — Jude 1:24-25

A note on the date There is little in the letter to date it. It is placed here because of its likeness to 2 Peter; some date it as late as AD 80.

The Death of Paul (2 Timothy 4:6-8)

Paul writes that he is already being offered and the time of his departure is come. Early writers say he was beheaded at Rome under Nero.

Scripture > “For I am already being offered, and the time of my departure is come. I have fought the good fight, I have finished the course, I have kept the faith: henceforth there is laid up for me the crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give to me at that day; and not to me only, but also to all them that have loved his appearing.” > — 2 Timothy 4:6-8

“The Lord will deliver me from every evil work, and will save me unto his heavenly kingdom: to whom be the glory for ever and ever. Amen.” — 2 Timothy 4:18

What early writers say - Clement of Rome says Paul, having taught righteousness to the whole world, bore witness before the rulers and departed from the world (1 Clement 5). - Eusebius records that Paul was beheaded at Rome under Nero. Beheading rather than crucifixion fits his Roman citizenship. Dates offered range from AD 64 to 68; c. AD 67 is common.

The Fall of Jerusalem (Matthew 24:1-2; Luke 19:41-44; 21:20-24)

After four years of war, the Roman army under Titus besieges Jerusalem. In the late summer of AD 70 the city is taken and the temple burned, as Jesus had said: not one stone left upon another.

Jesus foretold it > “And Jesus went out from the temple, and was going on his way; and his disciples came to him to show him the buildings of the temple. But he answered and said unto them, See ye not all these things? verily I say unto you, There shall not be left here one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down.” > — Matthew 24:1-2

“But when ye see Jerusalem compassed with armies, then know that her desolation is at hand. Then let them that are in Judæa flee unto the mountains; and let them that are in the midst of her depart out; and let not them that are in the country enter therein. For these are days of vengeance, that all things which are written may be fulfilled.” — Luke 21:20-22

What the historians say - Josephus, an eyewitness on the Roman side, describes the siege, the famine in the city, and the burning of the temple (Jewish War, books 5–6). - Eusebius records that the church in Jerusalem, warned beforehand, left the city before the war and settled at Pella beyond the Jordan.

The end of an age With the temple gone, the sacrifices of the law ceased. Hebrews had already said the first covenant was “nigh unto vanishing away” (Hebrews 8:13).

AD 30

c. AD 32

c. AD 33–34

c. AD 37–40

AD 44

c. AD 47–48

c. AD 49

c. AD 50

AD 51–52

c. AD 53

c. AD 55–56

c. AD 57

c. AD 57–59

c. AD 59–60

c. AD 60–62

AD 64

c. AD 67

AD 70

More illuminations · Harbinger's Lamp